Acute coronary syndromes, ACS, percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI, clopidogrel, prasugrel, CYP2C19

Overview

Warfarin (Coumadin) is the most commonly used vitamin K antagonist. It has demonstrated effectiveness for the primary and secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism, for the prevention of systemic embolism in patients with prosthetic heart valves or atrial fibrillation, as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction, and for reducing the risk of recurrent myocardial infarction. Read more…

Clopidogrel Dosing and CYP2C19

Overview

Clopidogrel (Plavix), a second-generation thienopyridine that inhibits platelet aggregation, is a mainstay, along with aspirin, in the management of patients with coronary artery disease, with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), and/or after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). Yet, a significant proportion of patients remains at risk for subsequent death, myocardial infarction (MI), stent thrombosis, and stroke because of insufficient clopidogrel-induced platelet inhibition. Read more…

Lung Cancer and EGFR

Overview

A substantial percentage of lung cancers express cell surface epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs). As activation of these cell surface receptors has been shown in experimental systems to result in the growth and progression of the malignancy, there have been considerable pre-clinical and clinical research efforts directed toward the development of effective inhibitors of the EGFR. Read more…

Fluorouracil Toxicity and DPYD

Overview

5-Fluorouracil (5FU) is a fluorinated pyrimidine analogue commonly used in combination chemotherapy regimens for patients with breast, colorectal, lung, and other malignancies. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), an enzyme encoded by the DPYD gene, is the rate-limiting step in pyrimidine catabolism and deactivates more than 80% of standard doses of 5FU and the oral 5FU prodrug capecitabine. Read more…

Colorectal Cancer and KRAS

Overview

One actively investigated approach in the management of advanced and metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) has been the delivery of agents whose primary purpose is to interfere with the biological activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).

However, it is well-recognized that only a subset of patients whose colorectal tumors have been demonstrated to overexpress the EGFR receptor on their cell surfaces will actually exhibit a favorable biological and clinical response to anti-EGFR antibody therapy. Both the costs and potential toxicities associated with this management paradigm add to the relevance of efforts to more critically define particular patient populations that would be most likely to respond to treatment with this class of agents, or, conversely, that would be highly unlikely to exhibit clinical benefit. Read more…

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia and BCR-ABL

Overview

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), also known as chronic myelogenous leukemia, is one of the few cancers that is known to caused by a single, specific genetic mutation in more than 90% of cases.

The transformation to CML is caused by a reciprocal translocation of the BCR gene on chromosome 22 (at 22q11) and the ABL gene on chromosome 9 (at 9q34), resulting in a fused BCR-ABL gene dubbed the “Philadelphia chromosome.” The protein that results from the fused genes promotes transition to the malignant state, increasing proliferation and decreasing apoptosis of the malignant cells (see Images 1 and 2).^1,2
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Breast Cancer and HER2

Overview

Approximately 30% of malignant breast cancers demonstrate overamplification of the human epidermal receptor type 2 (HER2) gene, resulting in  an overexpression of the HER2 receptor, a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor within the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family. Activation of this class of cellular receptors is known to result in increased activity of a variety of molecular pathways associated with tumor growth and progression. Extensive published pre-clinical and clinical data have demonstrated that patients whose cancers overexpress HER2 have a relatively poor prognosis independent of other clinical features (eg, age, stage, tumor grade).¹ Read more…

HEMOFİLİYA

Qanda Faktor 8 və faktor 9 adlı iki zülal olur. Hemofiliya vəziyyətində bunlar qanda əskikdir. Bu iki zülalın qanda olmaması, miqdarının azalması ya da funksiyasının pozulması vəziyyətində, qan laxtalana bilməz və qanamağa səbəb olar. Read more…

What Is Cancer?

Cancer is actually a group of many related diseases that all have to do with cells. Cells are the very small units that make up all living things, including the human body. There are billions of cells in each person’s body.

Cancer happens when cells that are not normal grow and spread very fast. Normal body cells grow and divide and know to stop growing. Over time, they also die. Unlike these normal cells, cancer cells just continue to grow and divide out of control and don’t die when they’re supposed to.

Cancer cells usually group or clump together to form tumors (say: too-mers). A growing tumor becomes a lump of cancer cells that can destroy the normal cells around the tumor and damage the body’s healthy tissues. This can make someone very sick. Read more…

Burns, Chemical

Introduction

Background

Acids are defined as proton donors (H+), and bases are defined as proton acceptors (OH-). Bases also are known as alkalies. Both acids and bases can be defined as caustics, which cause significant tissue damage on contact. The strength of an acid is defined by how easily it gives up the proton; the strength of a base is determined by how avidly it binds the proton. The strength of acids and bases is defined by using the pH scale, which ranges from 1-14 and is logarithmic. A strong acid has a pH of 1, and a strong base has a pH of 14. A pH of 7 is neutral. Read more…